Maharashtra Board Class 8 English Grammar

Students can find the best My English Book 8th Standard Question Answer and Maharashtra Board Class 8 English Grammar for exam preparation.

Maharashtra Board Std 8 English Grammar

1. Parts of Speech

Words are the smallest elements of a language which have their own special meaning. Based on their use and function, words in the English language are grouped under eight different parts of speech.
They are:

i. Noun
ii. Pronoun
iii. Verb
iv. Adjective
v. Adverb
vi. Preposition
vii. Conjunction
viii. Interjection

i. Noun (naming word): is a word that refers to a person, place, animal or thing.
e.g. boy, sky, elephant, Saurav
The boy enjoys swimming in the pool.

ii. Pronoun: is the word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase to avoid repetition.
e.g. her, she, him, they, it
She told him to come home.

iii. Verb (action word): shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what someone or something is doing.
e.g. play, eat, run, go
Ritu ran to the park to play.

iv. Adjective (describing word): describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun or pronoun. It is generally used with a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
e.g. large, five, some, young
The fat goose sat on the green grass.

v. Adverb: describes/modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tells how, where, when, how often or to what extent. Many adverbs end in -ly.
e.g. nicely, yesterday, everywhere, very
Roshni is a very talented girl who plays the violin melodiously.

vi. Preposition (shows relationship): shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. It can indicate time, place, or relationship.
e.g. on, upon, with, along
The children went with their mother to sit in the park.

vii. Conjunction (joining word): joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a sentence and shows how they are connected.
e.g. and, which, but, that
I like tea but not coffee.

viii. Interjection (expressive word): expresses a strong feeling or emotion. It is a short exclamation.
e.g. Ouch! Hey! Wow! Oh, no!
Oh God! I might never get this opportunity again!

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Do as Directed:

i. She went to the market to buy some mangoes.
(Identify the Nouns)
Answer:
market, mangoes – Nouns

ii. Oh Gosh! Where did I leave my books?
(Identify the Interjection)
Answer:
Oh Gosh! – Interjection

iii. All the boys went to the ground to play but they were sent back.
(Identify the Conjunction)
Answer:
but – Conjunction

iv. My mother had placed some lovely flowers in the vase.
(Identify the Adjectives)
Answer:
some, lovely – Adjectives

v. The house keys were kept under the pillow.
(Identify the Preposition)
Answer:
under – Preposition

Question 2.
Identify the Part of Speech of the underlined words:

i. We quickly gulped the soup from the bowls.
Answer:
We-Pronoun
quickly – Adverb
from – Preposition

ii. Arghh! That really hurts!
Answer:
Arghh! – Interjection
really – Adverb
hurts – Verb ‘

iii. Little Bittu played in the garden while his mother listened to music.
Answer:
Little – Adjective
on – Preposition
while – Conjunction
his – Pronoun
music – Noun

iv. They really don’t care about our problems.
Answer:
They – Pronoun
really – Adverb
about – Preposition
problems – Noun

v. The old man sat on his wooden chair.
Answer:
old-Adjective
on – Preposition
his – Pronoun
chair – Noun

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Do as Directed:

i. Her mother had packed sandwiches and juice for lunch. (Identify the Nouns)
Answer:
mother, sandwiches, juice, lunch – Nouns

ii. Wow! You look gorgeous! (Identify the Interjection)
Answer:
Wow! – Interjection

iii. Did you find the papers that I had left on the chair? (Identify the Preposition)
Answer:
on – Preposition

iv. We all agreed that she must go to Delhi. (Identify the Pronouns)
Answer:
We, she – Pronouns

v. There were two kinds of ice-cream and I wanted to have both. (Identify the Conjunction)
Answer:
and – Conjunction

vi. She walked carefully on the slippery ground. (Identify the Adverb)
Answer:
carefully – Adverb

vii. Anil caught a butterfly. (Identify the Verb)
Answer:
caught – Verb

viii. The wafers were crisp, light and delicious. (Identify the Adjectives)
Answer:
crisp, light, delicious – Adjectives

ix. Ugh! That book is about reptiles! (Identify the Interjection)
Answer:
Ugh! – Interjection

x. They decided to go to London for their vacation. (Identify the Nouns)
Answer:
London, vacation – Nouns

Question 2.
Identify the Part of Speech of the underlined words:

i. I wore my royal blue gown for the party.
Answer:
wore – Verb
royal – Adjective
gown – Noun
for – Preposition

ii. First, she went to the bank and then to work.
Answer:
She – Pronoun
to – Preposition
and – Conjunction

iii. Ouch! You nearly hit me!
Answer:
Ouch! – Interjection
nearly – Adverb
me – Pronoun

iv. Rishabh arrived a few minutes before midnight.
Answer:
arrived – Verb
few – Adjective
before – Preposition
midnight – Noun

v. What was aunt Hetal doing in the old dark cellar?
Answer:
Hetal – Noun
doing – Verb
in – Preposition
dark – Adjective

vi. Rinky slowly entered the room.
Answer:
slowly – Adverb
room – Noun

vii. Gosh! That fish is awfully huge!
Answer:
Gosh! – Interjection
fish – Noun
huge – Adjective

viii. The tender green blades of grass danced in the morning sun.
Answer:
tender-Adjective
blades – Noun
danced – Verb sun – Noun

ix. Jiya has performed excellently in the mathematics test.
Answer:
Jiya – Noun
excellently – Adverb

x. Where are my gold bangles?
Answer:
my – Pronoun
gold – Adjective
bangles – Noun

2. Prefix and Suffix

A root word means a word that is in its most basic form. It may or may not be complete by itself.
Affixes are added to the root word to change the meaning
of the word or to change its grammatical form.

Affixes are of two kinds:

i. Prefix: is a letter or a group of letters added before the root word to change its meaning or grammatical form.
ii. Suffix: is a letter or a group of letters added after the root word to change its meaning or grammatical form.

e.g.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Add prefixes like ‘in’, ‘un’, ‘ir’, ‘im’ to the given words to form negative words.

1. ending
2. patient
3. action
4. responsible
5. realistic
6. regular
7. proper
8. necessary
9. known
10. possible

Answer:

1. unending
2. impatient
3. inaction
4. irresponsible
5. unrealistic
6. irregular
7. improper
8. unnecessary
9. unknown
10. impossible

Question 2.
Add suffixes to the meaningful words. given words to make

1. danger
2. love
3. ill
4. measure
5. prepare
6. enjoy
7. free
8. child
9. home
10. forget

Answer:

1. dangerous
2. lovely
3. illness
4. measurement
5. preparation
6. enjoyment
7. freedom
8. childhood
9. homely
10. forgetful

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Add prefixes to the given words to form meaningful words.

1. order
2. balance
3. formal
4. continue
5. available
6. like
7. dependent
8. eat
9. close
10. understand

Answer:

1. disorder
2. imbalance
3. informal
4. discontinue
5. unavailable
6. unlike
7. independent
8. overeat
9. disclose
10. misunderstand

Question 2.
Add suffixes to the given words to make meaningful words.

1. treat
2. beauty
3. happy
4. use
5. kind
6. develop
7. educate
8. short
9. clear
10. soft

Answer:

1. treatment
2. beautiful
3. happiness
4. useless
5. kindness
6. development
7. education
8. shortly
9. clearly
10. softly

Question 3.
Underline the prefixes in the following words.

i. dislike
Answer:
dislike

ii. epidermis
Answer:
epidermis

iii. microscope
Answer:
microscope

iv. return
Answer:
return

v. unfinished
Answer:
unfinished

vi. nonsense
Answer:
nonsense

Question 4.
Underline the suffixes in the following words.

i. validity
Answer:
validity

ii. imperfection
Answer:
imperfection

iii. national
Answer:
national

iv. speedily
Answer:
speedily

v. creative
Answer:
creative

vi. childish
Answer:
childish

3. Modal Auxiliary

Main verbs such as sing, read, play, etc. are often accompanied by ‘helping verbs’ to indicate shades of mood and time. These ‘helping verbs’ are called Modal Auxiliary verbs.

Examples of Modal Auxiliary verbs are:
can, could, ought to, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, etc.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Pick out the Modal Auxiliary in each of the following sentences.

i. Teena said that she might come for the class picnic.
Answer:
might – Modal Auxiliary

ii. Ashok would need Anvita’s help.
Answer:
would – Modal Auxiliary

iii. Could you please get me a glass of water?
Answer:
Could – Modal Auxiliary

iv. We might have a holiday today.
Answer:
might – Modal Auxiliary

v. You ought to stand up when the national anthem is sung.
Answer:
ought to – Modal Auxiliary

vi. You should do your work on time.
Answer:
should – Modal Auxiliary

vii. I shall not wait for them.
Answer:
shall – Modal Auxiliary

viii. Can you drive?
Answer:
Can – Modal Auxiliary

ix. You may wait here for him.
Answer:
may – Modal Auxiliary

x. We must end this argument now.
Answer:
must – Modal Auxiliary

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Pick out the Modal Auxiliary in each of the following sentences.

i. My aunt might bake a cake for my birthday.
Answer:
might

ii. We will lose the match of Ruhi doesn’t play well.
Answer:
will

iii. The teacher should not have shouted at poor Maya.
Answer:
should not

iv. You must carry warm clothes when you go to Shimla.
Answer:
must

v. We ought to fulfil our duty towards our nation.
Answer:
ought to

vi. She couldn’t walk that far.
Answer:
couldn’t

vii. Sunil must submit the form by tomorrow.
Answer:
must

viii. We may order food from a new restaurant tonight.
Answer:
may

ix. Can’t you get the report yourself?
Answer:
Can’t

x. Ahmed may grow up to be a famous scientist one day.
Answer:
may

xi. You must not speak loudly in a hospital.
Answer:
must not

xii. May I please use your computer?
Answer:
May

xiii. I can finish all the work by myself.
Answer:
can

xiv. She had taken her friend along with her.
Answer:
had

xv. Sukhadha can’t go to the party.
Answer:
can’t

xvi. Should I book the tickets?
Answer:
Should

xvii. He doesn’t need anybody’s help.
Answer:
doesn’t

xviii. It might rain today.
Answer:
might

xix. On some days, Ritesh would not finish his homework.
Answer:
would not

xx. You ought to respect your elders.
Answer:
ought to

4. Subject and Predicate

A sentence is a group of words that conveys a complete idea.

It is made up of two parts – A Subject and a Predicate

1. The Subject is the part which names the person or thing that we are speaking about.
2. The Predicate is the part which tells us something about the subject.

e.g.

Note: In a sentence stating a command or a request, the subject is always ‘you’, but it is not written.

e.g.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify the Subject and the Predicate in the following sentences.

i. Reshma took the children to the park.
Answer:
Reshma – Subject
took the children to the park – Predicate

ii. We love watching movies.
Answer:
We-Subject
love watching movies – Predicate

iii. Our teacher gave us an interesting assignment.
Answer:
Our teacher-Subject
gave us, an interesting assignment to do – Predicate

iv. Put your things away.
Answer:
(You)-Subject
Put your things away – Predicate

v. Sayali ignored the girls.
Answer:
Sayali – Subject
ignored the girls – Predicate

vi. Tansen sang a soulful song.
Answer:
Tansen – Subject
sang a soulful song – Predicate

vii. Emperor Akbar was pleased with Birbal.
Answer:
Emperor Akbar – Subject
was pleased with Birbal – Predicate

viii. Please be seated.
Answer:
(You)-Subject
Please be seated – Predicate

ix. My mother and my uncle are famous doctors.
Answer:
My mother and my uncle – Subject
are famous doctors – Predicate

x. Bunty plays the violin efficiently.
Answer:
Bunty – Subject
plays the violin efficiently – Predicate

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences by inserting a suitable Predicate.

i. The birds ____.
Answer:
migrated to warmer places

ii. Our family ____.
Answer:
celebrates all festivals together

iii. The tiger ____.
Answer:
is our national animal

iv. The woman ___.
Answer:
bought vegetables from the market

v. The fruit basket ____.
Answer:
contained just oranges and grapes

vi. They ___.
Answer:
invited us for lunch on Sunday

vii. Our friends ___.
Answer:
have always stood by us

viii. The green leafy vegetables ____.
Answer:
looked tempting

ix. The police ____.
Answer:
went searching for the thief

x. My best friend ___.
Answer:
shared his lunch with me

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify the Subject and the Predicate in the following sentences.

i. Zen, Sam and Eva are my friends.
Answer:
Answer Key
Zen, Sam and Eva — Subject
are my friends — Predicate

ii. Diwali is the festival of lights.
Answer:
Diwali — Subject
is the festival of lights — Predicate

iii. The Principal congratulated Meher on her brilliant performance.
Answer:
The Principal — Subject
congratulated Meher on her brilliant
performance — Predicate

iv. Marathi is the state language of Maharashtra.
Answer:
Marathi – Subject
is the state language of Maharashtra — Predicate

v. Smita smiled sweetly at her brother.
Answer:
Smita — Subject
smiled sweetly at her brother — Predicate

vi. The oranges from Nagpur are world famous.
Answer:
The oranges from Nagpur — Subject
are world famous — Predicate

vii. Children love to cat ice-cream.
Answer:
Children — Subject
love to eat ice-cream — Predicate

viii. Get me the medicines.
Answer:
(You) Subject
Get me the medicines — Predicate

ix. Reena was suffering from a bout of flu.
Answer:
Reena — Subject
was suffering from a bout of flu — Predicate

x. The tiger is the national animal of India.
Answer:
The tiger — Subject
is the national animal of India — Predicate

xi. It was too late to cook dinner.
Answer:
It — Subject
was too late to cook dinner — Predicate

xii. The movie was an instant hit.
Answer:
The movie — Subject
was an instant hit — Predicate

xiii. Be nice to your friends.
Answer:
(You) — Subject
Be nice to your friends — Predicate

xiv. The old banyan tree graces the entrance of our bungalow.
Answer:
The old banyan tree — Subject
graces the entrance of our bungalow — Predicate

xv. Everyone in the family loves her.
Answer:
Everyone in the family — Subject
loves her — Predicate

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences by inserting a suitable Predicate.

i. We ____________
Answer:
had a wonderful time playing badminton

ii. The cows ____________
Answer:
grazed lazily in the fields

iii. The entire football team ____________
Answer:
celebrated their victory after the match

iv. The woman ____________
Answer:
adopted four puppies from the shelter

v. The doorbell ____________
Answer:
rang loudly

vi. They ____________
Answer:
were waiting for the results to be declared

vii. Our parents ____________
Answer:
always want the best for us

viii. The ripe mango ____________
Answer:
was eaten by Sunil

ix. The teacher ____________
Answer:
looked with pity at little Ayesha

x. India ____________
Answer:
ranks first in the world in the production of vegetables and fruits

xi. Shabbir and his dog ____________
Answer:
were playing in the yard

xii. Mugdha ____________
Answer:
likes to swim

xiii. The two girls ____________
Answer:
had come to purchase some candies

xiv. My father ____________
Answer:
is a very wise and patient man

xv. The garden ____________
Answer:
was full of potted plants

5. Punctuation

Punctuation is the system of using special marks while writing, to separate sentences, phrases, clauses, items etc. in order to clarify the meaning of a sentence. They highlight pauses in writing as well as show whether a sentence is a question, exclamation or a statement. If incorrectly used, they may completely change the meaning of a sentence, e.g. Let us eat mother.
Let us eat, mother.

Some of the commonly used punctuation marks are:

1. Full Stop (.)
A ‘Full Stop’ represents the end of a sentence. A new sentence begins after a full stop. It separates two different sentences. The letter of the word that follows the Full stop is always a capital letter.
e.g. My name is Richa. I study in class eight.

2. Comma (,)
A ‘Comma’ represents a short pause in any sentence. It also separates the items in a list. e.g. At the picnic, we enjoyed dancing, singing and playing the whole day.

3. Semicolon (;)
A ‘Semicolon’ represents a pause that is more significant than a comma but significant less than a full stop. It can be used to separate major elements of a sentence like two closely related independent clauses.
e.g. Ravi is a great badminton player; we all cheer for him during his matches.

4. Colon (:)
The pause represented by a ‘Colon’ is more complete than the pause represented by a semicolon. A colon is generally used before a list of items, a quotation, or an explanation.
e.g. Mom said: “Eat your dinner fast and then play”.

5. Single Inverted Commas and Quotations Marks (“ ”, ‘ ‘)
Single inverted commas (”) and quotation marks (“ ”) are commonly used to separate direct speech, quotations (actual words spoken by someone) and sometimes the titles of chapters. Double inverted commas are often used for a quotation.
e.g. “Give me your blood, I’ll give you . freedom,” said Subhash Chandra Bose.
Anjali liked reading the book ‘The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo’.

6. Question Mark (?)
The symbol that is put at the end of any question is called ‘Question Mark’.
e.g. Is this your book?
However, we do not use a Question mark for an Indirect Question.
e.g. I asked her whether she had joined dance classes.

7. Exclamation Mark (!)
An exclamation mark is used at the end of the sentence to express a sudden emotion, a strong command or something that is spoken loudly.
e.g. Ah! You scared me!
Shut the door!

8. Apostrophe (’)
When any letter or letters are omitted, or when plurals are formed for letters and figures, the symbol used is called Apostrophe, e.g. I’ve performed several times in dance competitions.
Rohit’s book was taken by his friend, Jeevan. Sayali was asked to wait outside the Teachers’ room.
The last elections were held in ’10 (Here the number being referred to is 2010)

9. The Dash (-)
The symbol of Dash (-) is used to denote the continuation of any separated subjects, change in ideas and any quick stop, e.g. We should buy the ingredients – eggs, flour, butter, chocolate chips – if we want to bake cookies today.

10. The Hyphen (-)
The ‘Hyphen’ symbol is used to join two different words or to form a compound word. It is shorter in length than a dash.
e.g. We all went for horse-riding when we visited the hill station.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Punctuate the following sentences,

i. her father bought pastries fruits and snacks for the party
Answer:
Her father bought pastries, fruits and snacks for the party.

ii. in school we study subjects like english marathi hindi mathematics science history and geography
Answer:
In school, we study subjects like English, Marathi, Hindi, Mathematics, Science, History and Geography.

iii. where did I leave my umbrella
Answer:
Where did I leave my umbrella?

iv. sharon said I have an exam tomorrow
Answer:
Sharon said, “I have an exam tomorrow.”

v. my mother wouldnt allow us to play in the rain
Answer:
My mother wouldn’t allow us to play in the rain.

vi. the following are the primary colours red, blue, and yellow
Answer:
The following are the primary colours: red, blue and yellow.

vii. what a breath tailing view
Answer:
What a breath-taking view!

viii. the north east part of india is known for its natural beauty
Answer:
The North-east part of India is known for its natural beauty.

ix. this is veenas violin
Answer:
This is Veena’s violin.

x. i will come home next week said paresh
Answer:
“I will come home next week,” said Paresh.

xi. the construction would begin in two weeks time
Answer:
The construction would begin in two weeks’ time.

xii. she went to buy popcorn didn’t she
Answer:
She went to buy popcorn, didn’t she?

xiii. exhausted after a long day at school kapil went to bed early
Answer:
Exhausted after a long day at school, Kapil went to bed early.

xiv. the maps globes charts and pictures were taken to class
Answer:
The maps, globes, charts and pictures were taken to class.

xv. why don’t you buy a new pair of jeans
Answer:
Why don’t you buy a new pair of jeans?

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Punctuate the following sentences.

i. oh no i have missed the train
Answer:
Oh no! I have missed the train!

ii. tisha had sandwiches and tea for breakfast
Answer:
Tisha had sandwiches and tea for breakfast.

iii. please get potatoes tomatoes onions and peas from the market
Answer:
Please get potatoes, tomatoes, onions and peas from the market.

iv. why didnt you get your books to school
Answer:
Why didn’t you get your books to school?

v. come home early said mrs patel to her daughter
Answer:
“Come home early,” said Mrs. Patel to her daughter.

vi. richard firoze surya and nimmy are my friends
Answer:
Richard, Firoze, Surya and Nimmy are my friends.

vii. he hasn’t returned the money i gave him
Answer:
He hasn’t returned the money I gave him.

viii. ratan tata is a well respected industrialist
Answer:
Ratan Tata is a well-respected industrialist.

ix. will you please turn off the lights
Answer:
Will you please turn off lights?

x. come with me will you
Answer:
Come with me, will you?

xi. she didnt realise that her sister was standing right behind her
Answer:
She didn’t realise that her sister was standing right behind her.

xii. i will be home for Christmas said frank
Answer:
“I will be home for Christmas,” said Frank.

xiii. what a way to lose the match
Answer:
What a way to lose the match!

xiv. here is the money ₹ 10,000 in all
Answer:
Here is the money: ₹ 10,000 in all.

xv. wow this is a wonderful cake
Answer:
Wow! This is a wonderful cake!

6. Phrases and Clauses

Both phrases and clauses are parts of a sentence.

Clauses are of two kinds:

1. Main Clauses
2. Subordinate Clauses

Main Clauses have a subject an object and they make complete sense on their own.
e.g. They had their breakfast, as they watched the movie.
They had their breakfast – Main clause

Subordinate Clauses contain a subject and a verb, but they need to be attached to a Main Clause because they do not make sense on their own. e.g. as they watched the movie – Subordinate Clause

When two or more Main Clauses are joined together by connectors such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so, the connectors are called as Co-ordinators.

e.g.
He went to the market. There was no food at home.
He went to the market for there was no food at home, for – Co-ordinator
When a Main Clause is joined to a subordinate Clauses using connectors such as while, when, if, so that, because, since, etc., the connectors are called as Subordinators.

e.g. She came home when she had finished her work, when – Subordinator

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify whether the underlined part of the given sentences are Phrases or Clauses.

i. Winning the gold medal in badminton was a piece of cake for P. V. Sindhu.
Answer:
a piece of cake – Phrase

ii. My only son Soham, is the apple of my eye.
Answer:
the apple of my eye – Phrase

iii. That is the woman, who stole my purse.
Answer:
who stole my purse – Clause

iv. She is my sister, the centre of my world.
Answer:
She is my sister – Clause

v. Rohan had a large smile on his face as he unwrapped the gift.
Answer:
as he unwrapped the gift – Clause

vi. The postman was at the door.
Answer:
at the door – Phrase

vii. The silken gown that she had worn was exquisite!
Answer:
that she had worn – Clause

viii. You have to turn left before the next signal, he said.
Answer:
before the next signal – Phrase

ix. If she feels like speaking to me, there is the telephone.
Answer:
If she feels like speaking to me – Clause

x. I don’t know the answer to your question.
Answer:
I don’t know – Clause

Question 2.
Identify the Main Clause and the Subordinate Clause and pick out the Subordinator.

i. They left for home, when the rain had stopped.
Answer:
They left for home – Main Clause
when the rain had stopped – Subordinate Clause
when – Subordinator

ii. Though there were fruit orchards beyond the valley, no one was allowed to go there.
Answer:
no one was allowed to go there – Main Clause
Though there were fruit orchards beyond the valley – Subordinate Clause
Though – Subordinator

iii. My cousins stay in the house that is beyond the bridge.
Answer:
My cousins stay in the house – Main Clause
that is beyond the bridge – Subordinate Clause
that – Subordinator

iv. If I win a lottery, I would purchase a bungalow.
Answer:
I would purchase a bungalow – Main Clause If I win a lottery – Subordinate Clause If – Subordinator

v. Although he was honest, he was unable to earn well.
Answer:
he was unable to earn well – Main Clause
Although he was honest – Subordinate Clause Although – Subordinator

Question 3.
Identify the Co-ordinate Clauses and pick out the Co-ordinator.

i. I switched off the fans but it was still very cold.
Answer:
I switched off the fans – Co-ordinate Clause it was still very cold – Co-ordinate Clause but – Co-ordinator

ii. Chew your food properly, or you might suffer from indigestion.
Answer:
Chew your food properly – Co-ordinate Clause
you might suffer from indigestion – Co-ordinate Clause
or – Co-ordinator

iii. She had no money, yet she somehow managed to feed her children.
Answer:
She had no money – Co-ordinate Clause
she somehow managed to feed her children – Co-ordinate Clause
yet – Co-ordinator

iv. Tarun went to the mall and purchased a kilo of rice.
Answer:
Tarun went to the mall – Co-ordinate Clause
(He) purchased a kilo of rice – Co-ordinate Clause
and Co-ordinator

v. I could not prepare the dish for there were no tomatoes at home.
Answer:
I could not prepare the dish – Co-ordinate Clause
there were no tomatoes at home – Co-ordinate Clause
for – Co-ordinator

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify whether the underlined part of the given sentences is a Phrase or Clause.

i. She does her work sincerely.
Answer:
She does her work – Clause

ii. I purchased my favourite bag of chins from the store.
Answer:
bag of chips – Phrase

iii. Our family went for a picnic to Lonavala.
Answer:
Our family went for a picnic – Clause

iv. My neighbour helped me in my time of need.
Answer:
my time of need – Phrase

v. The parade was over by 7:00 in the evening.
Answer:
by 7:00 in the evening – Phrase

vi. Since it was exam time, I studied seriously.
Answer:
I studied seriously – Clause

vii. I wish I were an angel who could perform miracles.
Answer:
I wish I were an angel – Clause

viii. I feel like going to a beach during the summers.
Answer:
during the summers – Phrase

ix. The water levels had risen due to the rains.
Answer:
The water levels had risen – Clause

x. Playing the harmonium is my passion.
Answer:
is my passion – Phrase

Question 2.
Identify the Main Clause and the Subordinate Clause and pick out the Subordinator.

i. Uma switched on the lights as it was very dark.
Answer:
Uma switched on the lights – Main Clause
as it was very dark – Subordinate Clause as – Subordinator

ii. My daughter Seema laid the table, while I carried the food from the kitchen.
Answer:
My daughter Seema laid the table – Main Clause
while I carried the food from the kitchen – Subordinate Clause
while – Subordinator

iii. The house was cleaned before Rakesh’s mother entered.
Answer:
The house was cleaned – Main Clause
before Rakesh’s mother entered – Subordinate Clause
before – Subordinator

iv. If I would have been in your place, I would have helped her.
Answer:
I would have helped her – Main Clause
If I would have been in your place – Subordinate Clause if – Subordinator

v. Ankush participated in the competition, so that he could beat Soham.
Answer:
Ankush participated in the competition – Main Clause
so that he could beat Soham – Subordinate Clause
so that – Subordinator

Question 3.
Identify the Co-ordinate Clauses and pick out the Co-ordinator.

i. Pravin had to buy the supplies for the party or he would not be able to decorate the house.
Answer:
Pravin had to buy the supplies for the party – Co-ordinate Clause
he would not be able to decorate the house – Co-ordinate Clause or – Co-ordinator

ii. His likes the style of M S Dhoni and the technique of Sunil Gavaskar.
Answer:
His likes the ‘style of M S Dhoni –
Co-ordinate Clause
(he likes) the technique of Sunil Gavaskar – Co-ordinate Clause and – Co-ordinator

iii. I am not too fond of vegetables, yet I include them in my diet.
Answer:
I am not too fond of vegetables – Co-ordinate Clause
I include them in my diet
Co-ordinate Clause yet – Co-ordinator

iv. Shriram would be late to work for he has to attend his daughter’s PTA meeting.
Answer:
Shriram would be late to work – Co-ordinate Clause
he has to attend his daughter’s PTA meeting – Co-ordinate Clause for – Co-ordinator

v. I knew that my mother was tired, so I did not disturb her.
Answer:
I knew that my mother was tired – Co-ordinate Clause
I did not disturb her – Co-ordinate Clause so – Co-ordinator

7. Types of Sentences I

A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
Sentences are of four kinds based on their purpose:

1. Assertive
2. Imperative
3. Interrogative
4. Exclamatory

1. Assertive sentence: is a simple sentence that states a fact. It may be of two kinds:

1. Affirmative (Positive) sentences
   e.g. Sonam was a great actor.
2. Negative sentences
   e.g. Rohit never comes to school on time.

2. Imperative sentence: is a sentence that makes a request or gives a command, warning, suggestion or advice.
e.g. Please come home on time.
Shut the door.

3. Interrogative sentence: is used to ask a question.
e.g. Why were you late today?

4. Exclamatory sentence: is used to express sudden and strong feelings such as surprise, wonder, pity, happiness, shock, etc.
e.g. What an amazing sight!
Alas! All is ruined!

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify the type of the following sentences.

i. This was not what I had expected.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

ii. How does this machine work?
Answer:
Interrogative sentence

iii. Please get me a glass of water.
Answer:
Imperative sentence

iv. We are the best!
Answer:
Exclamatory sentence

v. Preeti Roy is a brilliant student.
Answer:
Assertive (Affirmative) sentence

vi. This food is really very delicious!
Answer:
Exclamatory sentence

vii. Pass me the salad.
Answer:
Imperative sentence

viii. I did not know the answer to the question.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

ix. What’s all that noise?
Answer:
Interrogative sentence

x. My sister lives with my parents.
Answer:
Affirmative (Positive) sentence

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify the type of sentences.

i. You should invite your friends for the party.
Answer:
Affirmative (Positive) sentence

ii. They are such loving people!
Answer:
Exclamatory sentence

iii. She has led a very difficult life.
Answer:
Assertive (Affirmative) sentence

iv. From where did you buy these berries?
Answer:
Interrogative sentence

v. Please be there by 6 p.m.
Answer:
Imperative sentence

vi. Rama wouldn’t be able to bear the additional expenses.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

vii. Don’t be silly.
Answer:
Imperative sentence

viii. Mini did not recognise Stanley in the beginning.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

ix. She had no interest in music.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

x. We won the match!
Answer:
Exclamatory sentence

xi. Do you know the way ahead?
Answer:
Interrogative sentence

xii. I like to volunteer at the pet shelter.
Answer:
Assertive (Affirmative) sentence

xiii. I don’t enjoy sad movies.
Answer:
Assertive (Negative) sentence

xiv. Please follow the instructions given in the manual.
Answer:
Imperative sentence

xv. Hurray! We made it to the finals!
Answer:
Exclamatory sentence

8. Types of Sentences II

A group of words that make complete sense is called a sentence.

A part of a sentence that has a subject and verb of its own is called a Clause.

Clauses are of two kinds:

1. Main clause: It has a subject and verb and makes complete sense all by itself.
   e.g. We went for the movie.
2. Subordinate clause: It has a subject and a verb but is unable to make complete sense without the help of the Main clause.
   e.g. As she felt lonely.

Sentences are generally of three kinds based on its structure:

1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex

1. Simple sentences:
A simple sentence is the one which has a subject, a predicate and a finite verb. It is a single, independent clause.

e.g.

1. The sun shines brightly.
2. The bus was late.
3. I looked for Ram at the stop.

2. Compound sentences:
A compound sentence is the one which is made up of two or more simple sentences and is usually connected with one of these coordinating conjunctions – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (FANBOYS)

e.g.

1. Jim waited for the train but it was late.
2. It rained heavily and we were drenched.
3. Riya left before I arrived so I did not see her.

3. Complex sentences:
A complex sentence is the one which is made up of at least one main clause and one or more dependent clauses, usually connected with one of these subordinating conjunctions – that, after, although, because, if, since, when, while, whenever, though, unless, wherever, as.

e.g.

1. He returned home because he was tired.
2. Tony visited the Trevi fountain, which is in Rome.
3. My mom smiled when I made dinner because she knew how inexperienced I was.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify whether the given sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex.

i. She ate the pasta all by herself.
Answer:
Simple sentence

ii. I reached the station, while it was still pouring.
Answer:
Complex sentence

iii. My friends decided to come home as it was my birthday.
Answer:
Complex sentence

iv. Gunjan failed to apply for the concession, so her name was not on the list.
Answer:
Compound sentence

v. Get me a cup of hot coffee.
Answer:
Simple sentence

vi. Though Rohit was ill, he decided to go to school.
Answer:
Complex sentence

vii. The building was destroyed in the fire, but no one was hurt.
Answer:
Compound sentence

viii. Neither the food nor the celebrations appeal to me.
Answer:
Compound sentence

ix. He remained silent because tye felt hurt.
Answer:
Complex sentence

x. Aarush was offered a job while he was still studying in college.
Answer:
Complex sentence

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify whether the given sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex.

i. I decided to speak the truth.
Answer:
Simple sentence

ii. Rakesh was told to wait until his parents came to pick him up.
Answer:
Complex sentence

iii. Suresh did not have dinner for he was very upset.
Answer:
Compound sentence

iv. They waited for the doctor.
Answer:
Simple sentence

v. I rushed to the corner of the road when I heard a scream.
Answer:
Complex sentence

vi. Sunil was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
Answer:
Compound sentence

vii. Let us inform everyone that all the arrangements have been made for the Annual Day.
Answer:
Complex sentence

viii. Krunal didn’t want to have the sandwich, nor did he want the pizza.
Answer:
Compound sentence

ix. Niharika does not wish to go for the seminar.
Answer:
Simple sentence

x. She said she wouldn’t leave her room until her mom gave her the candy bar.
Answer:
Complex sentence

9. Transformation of Sentences

1. Combining sentences using ‘so that…’ or ‘No sooner…than…’

Using ‘so that…’ to combine sentences, develops a cause-effect relationship between the two given sentences.

e.g.

i. He worked very hard. He was able to repay the loan quickly.
Answer:
He worked so hard that he was able to repay the loan quickly.

If the second event occurs immediately after the first event, we can combine the sentence using
‘No sooner…than’

ii. They ran to help the boy as soon as he fell on the ground.
Answer:
No sooner did the boy fall on the ground than they ran to help him.

2. Remove ‘too’
While removing ‘too’ from a sentence, ‘so… that…’ is used along with a Modal Auxiliary such as can, could, will, would.

e.g.

i. He was too weak to walk.
Answer:
He was so weak that he could not walk.

ii. She walked too fast for us to catch up with her.
Answer:
She walked so fast that we could not catch up with her.

3. Interchanging one part of speech for another e.g.

i. Tanya did not laugh at the joke. (Verb)
Sharad’s laugh echoed in the empty room. (Norm)

ii. Abhay gave him a strange look. (Adjective)
Abhay looked at him strangely. (Adverb)

4. Rewriting the sentence using ‘not only…. but also’

While combining two related pieces of information, ‘not only… but also’ is used. Here both the pieces of information must belong to the same part of speech.

e.g.

i. The car is very economical. It feels easy to drive.
Answer:
The car is not only economical but also feels easy to drive.

ii. She has broccoli for dinner. She also enjoys having spinach.
Answer:
She not only has broccoli for dinner, but also enjoys having spinach.

5. Rewriting the sentence using ‘as well as’
Using ‘as well as’ serves the same function as using, ‘not only…. but also’. It helps to join the two sentences.

e.g.

i. Iron is found in India. Coal too is found in India.
Answer:
Iron as well as coal are found in India.

ii. God made great things. God made small things.
Answer:
God made great things as well as small things.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Transform the given sentences as directed in the brackets:

i. Hitesh is too young to travel alone. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
Hitesh is so young that he cannot travel alone.

ii. I was hungry. I couldn’t sleep at all. (Use so…. that….)
Answer:
I was so hungry that I couldn’t sleep at all.

iii. I reached the station. The train arrived. (Use no sooner…. than….)
Answer:
No sooner did I reach the station than the train arrived.

iv. He has made corrections in all the passages.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Verb form and rewrite)
Answer:
He has corrected all the passages.

v. The painting looks too good to be an original. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
The painting looks so good that it cannot be an original.

vi. The party was very exciting. We enjoyed it heartily. (Use so…. that….)
Answer:
The party was so exciting that we enjoyed it heartily.

vii. The boy gave an intelligent answer.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Adverb form and rewrite)
Answer:
The boy answered intelligently.

viii. I had a cup of hot coffee. I started feeling better.
(Use no sooner…. than….)
Answer:
No sooner did I have a cup of hot coffee than I started feeling better.

ix. He was rewarded handsomely for his bravery.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Adjective form and rewrite)
Answer:
He was given a handsome reward for his bravery.

x. The students saw the Principal. They remained silent at once. (Use no sooner…. than….)
Answer:
No sooner did the students see the Principal than they remained silent at once.

xi. She was too nervous. She could not sing well. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
She was so nervous that she could not sing well.

xii. She was not permitted to go out of the house after 10 p.m.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the noun form and rewrite)
Answer:
She did not have the permission to go out of the house after 10 p.m.

xiii. She finished eating the food on her plate. She started picking from her friend’s plate.
(Rewrite using ‘not only…but also’)
Answer:
She not only finished eating the food on her plate but also started picking from her friend’s plate.

xiv. The moon gives us light at night. The stars give us light at night. (Use ‘as well as’)
Answer:
The moon as well as the stars give us light at night.

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Transform the given sentences as directed in the brackets:

i. Rekha is very patient while dealing with the children.
(Change the underlined part of speech to the Adverb form and rewrite)
Answer:
Rekha deals with the children very patiently.

ii. The game is too easy for anyone to win. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
The game is so easy that anyone can win.

iii. The dog started barking. The thief escaped. (Use no sooner…. than….)
Answer:
No sooner did the dog start barking than the thief escaped.

iv. My brother promised that he would come home for Diwali.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Noun form and rewrite)
Answer:
My brother made a promise that he would come home for Diwali.

v. The moment she entered the room, she switched on the lights. She also switched on the television. (Rewrite using ‘as well as’)
Answer:
The moment she entered the room, she switched on the lights as well as the television.

vi. The horse was too wild to be controlled. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
The horse was so wild that it could not be controlled.

vii. Sarita is beautiful. Sarita is also very intelligent. (Use not only…. but also….)
Answer:
Sarita is not only beautiful, but also very intelligent.

viii. She was very charming. She was also very smart. (Rewrite using ‘as well as’)
Answer:
She was charming as well as smart.

ix. His paintings are full of creativity.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Adjective form and rewrite)
Answer:
His paintings are very creative.

x. He is too simple. He does not understand the games people play. (Remove ‘too’)
Answer:
He is so simple that he does not understand the games people play.

xi. I finished my studies. I got a good job. (Use no sooner…. than….)
Answer:
No sooner did I finish my studies than I got a good job.

xii. My grandfather is very weak. He cannot walk. (Use so…. that….)
Answer:
My grandfather is so weak that he cannot walk.

xiii. Ronit is a kind and warm-hearted person. (Use not only…. but also….)
Answer:
Ronit is not only kind, but also a warm-hearted person.

xiv. Her parents are blessed to have an obedient daughter.
(Change the underlined Part of speech to the Verb form and rewrite)
Answer:
Her parents are blessed to have a daughter who obeys them.

xv. The bangles were very expensive. I couldn’t buy them. (Use so…. that….)
Answer:
The bangles were so expensive that I couldn’t buy them.

10. Tenses

Tense is a term that describes the time of an action or a verb.

There are mainly three types of tenses:

1. Present
2. Past
3. Future

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	past form (verb + ed)	verb + s / es	will + verb
Continuous	was / were + verb + ing	is / am / are + verb + ing	will + be + verb + ing
Perfect	had + past participle	has / have + past participle	will + have + past participle
Perfect Continuous	had + been + verb + ing	has / have + been + verb + ing	will + have + been + verb + ing

Example
Different tenses of the verb ‘to sing’ for the subject he/she

	Past	Present	Future
Simple	sang	sings	will sing
Continuous	was singing	is singing	will be singing
Perfect	had sung	has sung	will have sung
Perfect Continuous	had been singing	has been singing	will have been singing

1. Past Tense: It is used to describe an action that has been completed or has happened earlier.
Past tense is further divided into four types:

i. Simple Past Tense
ii. Past Continuous Tense
iii. Past Perfect Tense
iv. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

i. Simple Past Tense: It is used to express an action that happened before.

e.g.
a. I killed a tiger.
b. They cancelled their trip to China.
c. Was she ill yesterday?

ii. Past Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that was in progress or ongoing at a particular point in the past.

e.g.
a. I was watching T.V. when he called me.
b. You were not paying attention in class.
c. Were you studying in the afternoon?

iii. Past Perfect Tense: It is used to express an action that had been completed at a particular point in the past. Both the actions took place in the past, but one happened before the other.

e.g.
a. Meera had left office by 3.30 p.m. yesterday.
b. She had received a letter.
c. When had the guests arrived?

iv. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that started in the past and continued until sometime in the past.

e.g.
a. They had been talking for over an hour before Karan arrived.
b. I had not been studying French.
c. How long had you been waiting to get on the plane?

2. Present Tense: Present tense is used to describe an action that is happening now.
Present Tense is further divided into four types:

i. Simple Present Tense
ii. Present Continuous Tense
iii. Present Perfect Tense
iv. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

i. Simple Present Tense: It is used to express an action in current time, habits, general facts, repeated actions, unchanging situations, emotions and wishes.
If the subject in a sentence is a he / she / it, singular / proper noun then ‘s’ or ‘es’ is added to the base form.

e.g.
a. Tom reaches school on time.
b. They do not read books.
c. Do I sing well?

ii. Present Continuous Tense: It is used to express an ongoing action. It describes an action which is in progress at the time of speaking the particular sentence.

e.g.
a. He is going to the market.
b. They are not writing letters.
c. Am I looking tired?

iii. Present Perfect Tense: It is used to express an action that has just been completed. It describes an action which has just finished at the time of speaking the particular sentence.

e.g.
a. I have eaten my lunch.
b. She has not played her song.
c. Have they gone to school?

iv. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: It is used to express an ongoing action that started in past and is continued until now.

e.g.
a. I have been living in Mumbai since 2008.
b. Nancy has not been taking her medicine for the last three days.
c. Since when has it been snowing?

3. Future Tense: It is used to describe an action that will occur later.
Future tense is further divided into four types:

i. Simple Future Tense
ii. Future Continuous Tense
iii. Future Perfect Tense
iv. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

i. Simple Future Tense: It is used to express an action which will occur sometime in the future.

e.g.
a. She will send me a book.
b. They will not buy new clothes.
c. Will he play tennis?

ii. Future Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that will be going on in the future.

e.g.
a. He will be flying an airplane.
b. She will not be enjoying the show without him.
c. When will they be delivering the food?

iii. Future Perfect Tense: It is used to express an action which will occur later in the future and would be completed at a particular time in the future.

a. You will have made a new house by January, 2021.
b. They will have shifted to Pune by September.
c. Will he have decorated the tree by next week?

iv. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: It is used to express an action that will start in the future and will continue until sometime in the future.

e.g.
a. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Sam arrives.
b. No, I will not have been living here that long.
c. How long will you have been studying when you graduate?

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify the tense of the underlined verbs in the following sentences:

i. Renu reached home on time.
Answer:
reached – Simple Past Tense

ii. We are singing a new song today.
Answer:
are singing – Present Continuous Tense

iii. Isha will finish her project tomorrow.
Answer:
will finish – Simple Future Tense

iv. Rita had gone to visit her grandmother.
Answer:
had gone – Past Perfect Tense

v. Vinod has been working out for the last 3 hours.
Answer:
has been working out – Present Perfect Continuous Tense

vi. I will be going to the market tomorrow.
Answer:
will be going – Future Continuous Tense

Question 2.
Rewrite the following sentences in the Tense indicated in the bracket.

i. Suman plucked the flowers from the garden. (Simple Present)
Answer:
Suman plucks the flowers from the garden.

ii. The Indian soldiers marched to the warfront. (Present Continuous)
Answer:
The Indian soldiers are marching to the warfront.

iii. He goes to the temple every morning. (Simple Future)
Answer:
He will go to the temple every morning.

iv. The mangoes were purchased at a high price. (Present Perfect)
Answer:
The mangoes have been purchased at a high price.

v. Tina plays with her toys. (Simple Past)
Answer:
Tina played with her toys.

vi. I was studying for my exams. (Present Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
I have been studying for my exams.

vii. He will leave for Poona in the evening. (Past Continuous)
Answer:
He was leaving for Poona in the evening.

viii. Hiten has bought a crate full of mangoes. (Past Perfect)
Answer:
Hiten had bought a crate full of mangoes.

ix. Anu is cleaning her room. (Future Perfect)
Answer:
Anu will have cleaned her room.

x. We are enjoying the picnic. (Past Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
We had been enjoying the picnic.

xi. I have arrived on time. (Future Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
I will have been arriving on time.

xii. Trisha had gone to the party. (Future Continuous)
Answer:
Trisha will be going to the party.

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify the tense of the underlined verbs in the following sentences:

i. I will buy a pair of shoes.
Answer:
will buy – Simple Future Tense

ii. I know the answer to the question.
Answer:
know – Simple Present Tense

iii. You had seen the recipe in the book.
Answer:
had seen – Past Perfect Tense

iv. You are working here as a part-time employee.
Answer:
are working – Present Continuous Tense

v. The pav-bhaji was simply delicious.
Answer:
was – Simple Past Tense

vi. Football will have been my favourite sport.
Answer:
will have been – Future Perfect Tense

Question 2.
Rewrite the following sentences in the tense indicated in the bracket.

i. I will be meeting him in the afternoon. (Present Perfect)
Answer:
I have met him in the afternoon.

ii. Vinny had begun her preparations well before time.(Simple Future)
Answer:
Vinny will begin her preparations well before time.

iii. We took a bus to Dadar. (Present Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
We have been taking a bus to Dadar.

iv. We will be going to the market in the evening. (Past Perfect)
Answer:
We had gone to the market in the evening.

v. This is my first music recording. (Simple Past)
Answer:
This was my first music recording.

vi. Feroze met Meera at the store. (Simple Present)
Answer:
Feroze meets Meera at the store.

vii. Juhi had been resting after coming home from work. (Present Continuous)
Answer:
Juhi is resting after coming home from work.

viii. The lark keeps singing the tune again and again. (Past Continuous)
Answer:
The lark kept singing the tune again and again.

ix. They have been a part of our family. (Future Perfect)
Answer:
They will have been a part of our family.

x. A million stars lit up the sky. (Future Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
A million stars will have been lighting up the sky.

xi. India had been prepared for any disasters. (Future Continuous)
Answer:
India will be preparing for any disasters.

xii. He showed me the way to school. (Past Perfect Continuous)
Answer:
He had been showing me the way to school.

11. Direct and Indirect Speech

The words of a speaker may be reported in two ways:

1. Direct Speech: Here, whatever the speaker has said, is reported in the same way that he / she has said it.
e.g. Romit said, “I went to the party.”

2. Indirect Speech: Here, whatever the speaker has said, is reported by a third person, who is not part of the conversation.
e.g. Romit said that he had gone to the party.

Rules for Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:

1. When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense in Direct Speech, the verbs in Indirect Speech will be written in the corresponding Past Tense.

e.g.
Direct Speech: Joe said, “It is time to leave.” Indirect Speech: Joe said that it was time to leave.
Direct Speech: Tanmay said, “I have passed the examinations.”
Indirect Speech: Tanmay said that he had passed the examinations.

2. The tense of the reported speech remains unchanged if the statement is still relevant to or is a universal truth.

e.g.
Direct Speech: The teacher said, “All the children have become naughty.”
Indirect Speech: The teacher said that all the children have become naughty.
Direct Speech: Rohan told Sheetal, “The sun sets in the west each evening.”
Indirect Speech: Rohan told Sheetal that the sun sets in the west each evening.

3. When the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tenses in the Direct Speech remain unchanged.

e.g.
Direct Speech: He says, “I am unwell.”
Indirect Speech: He says that he is unwell.

4. The pronouns in the Direct speech will change, such as the first person pronoun in direct speech will turn into a third person pronoun in indirect speech.
Direct Speech: He said, “I feel lazy.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he felt lazy.

5. Words expressing nearness in terms of distance or time are changed into words expressing distance.

e.g.
Direct Speech: He said to me, “You should leave for home now.”
Indirect Speech: He told me to leave for home then.

6. This and these change to that and those unless these things are near, when the speech is being reported.
e.g.
Direct Speech: Father said, “I am glad to be home this evening.”
Indirect Speech: Father said that he was glad to be home that evening.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Rewrite the following sentences in Indirect Speech.

i. Father said, “Bunty, why are you late?”
Answer:
Father asked Bunty why he was late.

ii. Radha said, “I am very busy now.”
Answer:
Radha said that she was very busy then.

iii. The teacher said, “If you study, you will do well in your exams, Jeet.”
Answer:
The teacher said that if Jeet studied well, he would do well in his exams.

iv. I told the child, “Be careful while you cross the road.”
Answer:
I told the child to be careful while crossing the road.

v. Aunt Roopa said, “Tanmay will be home for Diwali, Sonu.”
Answer:
Aunt Roopa told Sonu that Tanmay would be home for Diwali. ‘

vi. Vishal said, “I love sweets.”
Answer:
Vishal said that he loved sweets.

vii. They said, “We love you mother.”
Answer:
They said that they loved their mother.

viii. “Vijay is ill,” said his mother.
Answer:
Vijay’s mother said that he was ill.

ix. Sonia said, “My father cooks very well.”
Answer:
Sonia said that her father cooks very well.

x. The officer said to his assistant, “The manager is here.”
Answer:
The officer told his assistant that the manager was there.

xi. “I can’t cook,” she told Rahul’s mother.
Answer:
She told Rahul’s mother that she couldn’t cook.

xii. Uncle Ram said to me, “Why are you late?”
Answer:
Uncle Ram asked me why I was late.

xiii. “Please remain silent,” said the teacher to her class.
Answer:
The teacher requested her class to remain silent.

xiv. “Please get me a carton of milk from the store,” said mother to Sanjay.
Answer:
Sanjay’s mother requested him to get a carton of milk from the store.

xv. “My daddy’s the best,” said little Roy to his father.
Answer:
Little Roy told his father that he was the best.

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Rewrite the following sentences in Indirect Speech.

i. The policeman looked at us and enquired, “Where are you going?”
Answer:
The policeman looked at us and enquired where we were going.

ii. “I am very hungry,” said little Romi to his sister.
Answer:
Romi told his sister that he was very hungry.

iii. “Please introduce yourself,” said the manager to Mr. Patel.
Answer:
The manager requested Mr. Patel to introduce himself.

iv. Anahita asked her, “What should we do now?”
Answer:
Anahita asked her what they should do then.

v. “I forgot to get my book,” said Jay to the teacher.
Answer:
Jay told his teacher that he had forgotten to get his book.

vi. Vineet said, “I am very sorry, Vivian.”
Answer:
Vineet told Vivian that he was very sorry.

vii. “Do you know your mother’s name?” I asked her.
Answer:
I asked her whether she knew her mother’s name.

viii. She said, “I’ve been working very hard.”
Answer:
She said that she had been working very hard.

ix. “I am not sure about the results,” said Reena to her friend.
Answer:
Reena told her friend that she was not sure about the results.

x. He said, “I like this song.”
Answer:
He said that he liked that song.

xi. “Don’t waste your money,” she said.
Answer:
She told me not to waste my money.

xii. He said, “We will go to the store tomorrow.”
Answer:
He said that they would go to the store the next day.

xiii. “The car will pick you up,” said Ramesh.
Answer:
Ramesh said that the car would pick me up.

xiv. Ravi asked, “Are we eating ice-cream today?”
Answer:
Ravi asked if they were eating ice- cream that day.

xv. He asked his teacher, “Why do I have to come in early tomorrow.”
Answer:
He asked his teacher why he had to come in early the next day.

12. Wh-questions:

A ‘Wh-question’ is a question that starts with What, Why, When, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, Where and How. It is used to find out information, and is different from the questions that can be answered with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The functions of Wh-questions are as follows:

Wh-word	Used for
1. Who, whom, whose	person
2. Which	choice, location
3. What	object, idea, action
4. Why	reason
5. Where	place, location
6. When	time
7. How	manner, condition, quality

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Frame suitable Wh-questions to get the underlined part of the given sentences as the answer.

i. Jama Masjid is the chief attraction of Delhi.
Answer:
What is the chief attraction of Delhi?

ii. We cannot survive without oxygen.
Answer:
What can we not survive without?

iii. Hema and Susan are good friends.
Answer:
Who are good friends?

iv. I went for a walk in the park.
Answer:
Where did you go for a walk?

v. He earned this wealth through sheer hard work.
Answer:
How did he earn this wealth?

vi. He gave his first salary to his mother.
Answer:
Whom did he give his first salary to?

vii. This palace belongs to Emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Whom does this palace belong to?

viii. He came here to wish me luck.
Answer:
Why did he come here?

ix. He realised his mistake after a while.
Answer:
When did he realise his mistake?

x. I paid ₹5000 for this bracelet.
Answer:
How much did you pay for this bracelet?

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Frame suitable Wh-questions to get the underlined part of the given sentences as the answer.

i. I made pasta for dinner.
Answer:
What did you make for dinner?

ii. We bought groceries from D-mart.
Answer:
Where did we buy groceries from?

iii. Diwali is known as the festival of lights.
Answer:
What is Diwali known as?

iv. Little Siddhu hid behind the cupboard.
Answer:
Where did little Siddhu hide?

v. Atul gave me his contact number.
Answer:
What did Atul give you?

vi. I stay in the building next to the Post Office.
Answer:
Which building do you stay in?

vii. These are Aunt Reema’s earrings.
Answer:
Whose earrings are these?

viii. My grandfather is unwell.
Answer:
Who is unwell?

ix. I reached Dadar by train.
Answer:
How did you reach Dadar?

x. These slippers belong to Mrs. Pandey.
Answer:
Whom do these slippers belong to?

xi. I completed the project last night.
Answer:
When did you complete the project?

xii. I am feeling unwell today.
Answer:
How are you feeling today?

xiii. I bought bread and cookies from the bakery.
Answer:
What did you buy from the bakery?

xiv. The Himalayas are clad with snow during winters.
Answer:
When are the Himalayas clad with snow?

xv. She wore the maroon saree for the reception.
Answer:
When did she wear the maroon saree?

13. Question Tag

Question Tags are short questions at the end of statements.
They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

i. confirm whether something is true or not, or
ii. obtain a reply from the person we are speaking to

Rules for framing Question Tags:

i. A positive statement is followed by a negative Question Tag.
e.g. You do love children, don’t you?

ii. A negative statement is followed by a positive Question Tag.
e.g. Disha can’t cook, can she?

iii. If the verb in the main sentence is in the Simple Present Tense, then ‘do/does’ is used as the Question Tag.
e.g. We don’t watch television, do we?

iv. If the verb in the main sentence is in the Simple Past Tense, then ‘did’ is used as the Question Tag.
e.g. We didn’t lie, did we?

v. The question tag of an imperative sentence will be ‘will/won’t + pronoun?’
e.g. Sit down, will you?

vi. The question tag of a suggestive sentence starting with ‘Let’s’ will be ‘shall + we?’
e.g. Let’s go and watch a movie.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Rewrite the sentences given below by adding suitable Question Tags to each.

i. They are going to the park.
Answer:
They are going to the park, aren’t they?

ii. Sheena is reading a book.
Answer:
Sheena is reading a book, isn’t she?

iii. Rohan completed all his assignments.
Answer:
Rohan completed all his assignments, didn’t he?

iv. The rose is a beautiful flower.
Answer:
The rose is a beautiful flower, isn’t it?

v. We cannot tell her the truth.
Answer:
We cannot tell her the truth, can we?

vi. The papers were left on the couch.
Answer:
The papers were left on the couch, weren’t they?

vii. We play cricket very often.
Answer:
We play cricket very often, don’t we?

viii. Mother ate a piece of the cake.
Answer:
Mother ate a piece of the cake, didn’t she?

ix. Piyali said he would gift me a beautiful gown.
Answer:
Piyali said he would gift me a beautiful gown, didn’t she?

x. Let’s have dinner.
Answer:
Let’s have dinner, shall we?

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Rewrite the sentences given below by adding suitable Question Tags to each.

i. You are a sportsman.
Answer:
You are a sportsman, aren’t you?

ii. She read a novel.
Answer:
She read a novel, didn’t she?

iii. Ramesh didn’t have a computer at home.
Answer:
Ramesh didn’t have a computer at home, did he?

iv. His sisters have gifted him a car.
Answer:
His sisters have gifted him a car, haven’t they?

v. Mother baked a cake today.
Answer:
Mother baked a cake today, didn’t she?

vi. The snow covered the entire mountain.
Answer:
The snow covered the entire mountain, didn’t it?

vii. We couldn’t control our laughter.
Answer:
We couldn’t control our laughter, could we? she?

viii. She makes a garland of flowers.
Answer:
She makes a garland of flowers, doesn’t she?

ix. Good things come to those who wait;
Answer:
Good things come to those who wait, don’t they?

x. She can speak several languages.
Answer:
‘She can speak seveyal languages, can’t she?

xi. Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra.
Answer:
Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra, isn’t it?

xii. He left his slippers at the doorstep.
Answer:
He left his slippers at the doorstep, didn’t he?

xiii. She can run the errands.
Answer:
She can run the errands, can’t’she?

xiv. Rehan must finish his homework.
Answer:
xRehan must finish his homework, mustn’t he?

xv. He had met the minister before.
Answer:
He had met the minister before, hadn’t he?

14. Figures of Speech

A Figure of Speech is the use of different forms of ideas or expressions to add to the impact or effect of a text.

1. Alliteration:
Alliteration is a poetic device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound meaning that the sound of the first letters of words in a line is repeated for poetic effect.
e.g. Start where you stand and never mind the past.

2. Antithesis:
In Antithesis, opposite words/ideas are placed in the same sentence.
e.g. Not near, not far.

3. Consonance:
In Consonance, consonant sounds are repeated within a word/phrase/sentence for poetic effect, e.g. The black sack with the snack lies in the back of the car.

4. Hyperbole:
In Hyperbole, the idea/ideas are exaggerated for poetic effect.
e.g. I have told you the same thing ten thousand times before.

5. Metaphor:
In Metaphor, there is an indirect comparison between two things that have one feature in common.
e.g. The camel is the ship of the desert.

6. Onomatopoeia:
In Onomatopoeia, words that imitate a sound are used for emphasising an effect.
e.g. Vroom Vroom goes the motorbike.

7. Personification:
In Personification, inanimate objects or things are given human qualities.
e.g. The mountains sing together.

8. Repetition:
In Repetition, same words or phrases are repeated for a pleasing effect.
e.g. Her ways are ways of gentleness.

9. Simile:
In Simile, two ideas / things which have just one feature in common, are compared directly by using ‘as’ or ‘like’.
e.g. The Kingfisher is not as proud as the Peacock.

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Identify and explain the Figures of Speech in the following sentences.

i. My mother is as busy as a bee.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The sound of the letter ‘m’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Simile – There is a direct comparison between the ‘mother’ and a ‘bee’.

ii. The flag flapped in the wind.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The sound of the letter ‘f has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Onomatopoeia – The word ‘flapped’ denotes sound made by the flag as it moves in the wind.

iii. The moon smiled at the stars in the sky.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The sound of the letter ‘s’ has” been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Personification – The moon is personified by giving it the human quality of ‘smiling’.

iv. I wish you could wash all these fish.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The sound of the letter ‘w’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Consonance – The consonant sound of the syllable ‘sh’ have been repeated in the line.

v. His father always said: Work, work and work is the secret of success.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The- sound of the letter ‘s’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Repetition – The word ‘work’ has been repeated for a poetic effect.

vi. Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven.
Answer:
a. Antithesis – Opposite ideas ‘heaven’ and ‘hell’; ‘reign’ and ‘serve’ are used in the same sentence.
b. Consonance – The consonant sound of the letter ‘n’ is repeated in the line.
c. Repetition – The word ‘to’ is repeated for creating poetic effect.

vii. It’s raining cats and dogs.
Answer:
a. Consonance – The consonant sound of the letter ‘s’ is repeated in the line.
b. Hyperbole – The intensity of rain is exaggerated for dramatic effect.

viii. To err is human, to forgive divine.
Answer:
a. Antithesis – Opposite ideas like ‘human and divine’ and ‘err and forgive’ are used in the same line to draw the attention of the reader.

ix. Time is a silent thief.
Answer:
a. Metaphor – There is an indirect comparison between time and a thief.

x. Big, beautiful and vibrant flowers greeted Jill as she returned home.
Answer:
a. Alliteration – The sound of the letter ‘b’ is repeated twice for a poetic effect.
b. Personification – The flowers have been personified by giving them the human quality of ‘greeting.’

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Identify and explain the Figures of Speech in the following sentences.

i. Last night I slept like a log.
Answer:
a. Simile — The deep inert nature of sleep is directly compared to the steadiness of a log.

ii. The bees buzzed all morning.
Answer:
Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘b’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘z’ has been repeated in the line.
c. Onomatopoeia — The word ‘buzzed’ denotes sound made by the bees.

iii. Tanaji fought like a lion in the war against the Mughals.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘l’ is repeated several times for a poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘t’ has been repeated in the line.
c. Simile — There is a direct comparison between the ‘bravery of Tanaji’ and the ‘bravery of a lion’.

iv. Fall fall gentle flakes of snow.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘f’ is repeated several times for a poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘l’ has been repeated in the line.
c. Personification — The snow is personified by giving it a human quality of ‘being gentle’.
d. Repetition — The word ‘fall’ has been repeated for poetic effect.

v. Man proposes, God disposes.
Answer:
a. Antithesis — Opposite ideas like ‘man and God’ and ‘proposes and disposes’ are ušed in the same line to draw the attention of the reader.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letters ‘ses’ has been repeated in the line.

vi. The alarm clock woke me this morning.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘m’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘g’ has been repeated in the line.
c. Personification — The alarm clock is personified by giving it a human quality of ‘being able to wake’.

vii. Ding dong rang the giant bell.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘d’ has been repeated for poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘g’ has been repeated in the line.
e. Onomatopoeia — The word ‘ding dong’ denotes the sound made by a giant bell.

viii. Sheena wept buckets and buckets of tears.
Answer:
a. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘t’ has been repeated in the line.
b. Hyperbole — There is an exaggeration on the quantity of tears shed by Sheena.
c. Repetition — The word ‘buckets’ has been repeated for a poetic effect.

ix. Her hair flew like a kite in the heavenly heights.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘h’ is repeated several times for a poetic effect.
b. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘h’ and ‘y’ have been repeated in the line.
c. Simile — The flying of the hair is directly compared to the flying of a kite.

x. The waves would rise and then fall.
Answer:
a. Alliteration — The sound of the letter ‘h’ is repeated several times for a poetic effect.
b. Antithesis — Opposite words like ‘rise’ and ‘fall’ are used in the same line to draw the attention of the reader.
c. Consonance — The consonant sound of the letter ‘z’ has been repeated in the line.

15. Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives describe the quality of nouns or pronouns.
Adjectives may be used in the following three forms:

i. The basic form of an adjective is referred to as the ‘Positive degree’ of that adjective.
e.g. rich, beautiful, calm

ii. The ‘Comparative degree’ of the adjective is formed by changing its positive form to compare that quality between two given things. It is formed by adding ‘er’ as a suffix or by preceding the given word with ‘more’.
e.g. richer, more beautiful, calmer

iii. Similarly, the ‘Superlative degree’ of the Adjective is formed when the quality has to be assigned to that thing which has the highest or lowest degree of that quality.
It is formed by adding ‘est’ as a suffix or by preceding the given word with ‘most’.
e.g. richest, most beautiful, calmest

Solved Examples

Question 1.
Fill in the table given below, with the Comparative and Superlative forms of the Adjectives.

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
i. clear
ii. intelligent
iii. wise
iv. rare
v. cheap
vi. expensive
vii. low
viii. royal
ix. blue
x. sweet
xi. sad

Answer:

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
i. clear	clearer	clearest
ii. intelligent	more intelligent	most intelligent
iii. wise	wiser	wisest
iv. rare	rarer	rarest
v. cheap	cheaper	cheapest
vi. expensive	more expensive	most expensive
vii. low	lower	lowest
viii. royal	more royal	most royal
ix. blue	bluer	bluest
x. sweet	sweeter	sweetest
xi. sad	sadder	saddest

Practice Exercise

Question 1.
Fill in the table given below, with the Comparative and Superlative forms of the Adjectives.

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
i. colourful
ii. light
iii. short
iv. lively
v. soft
vi. destructive
vii. Big
ix. talented
x. dirty
xi. cool
xii. tall

Answer:

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
i. colourful	more colourful	most colourful
ii. light	lighter	lightest
iii. short	shorter	shortest
iv. lively	livelier	liveliest
v. soft	softer	softest
vi. destructive	more destructive	most destructive
vii. big	bigger	biggest
viii. talented	more talented	most talented
ix. dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
x. cool	cooler	coolest
xi. tall	taller	tallest

Language Study I

I. Do as Directed:

Question 1.
Arrange the words in alphabetical order.

1. creativity, hospitality, animosity, severity
2. quantity, quality, quarrel, quarter

Answer:

1. animosity, creativity, hospitality, severity
2. quality, quantity, quarrel, quarter

Question 2.
Complete the words by using correct letters.

1. tho_n
2. cri_e
3. c_alk
4. ma_on

Answer:

1. thorn
2. crime
3. chalk
4. mason

Question 3.
Correct the errors in the following words and rewrite them.

1. terrrific
2. clearley
3. humillity
4. relative

Answer:

1. terrific
2. clearly
3. humility
4. reletive

Question 4.
Write four compound words ending with the following word.
i. place
Answer:

1. commonplace
2. fireplace
3. someplace
4. workplace

Question 5.
Add a subordinate clause to expand the sentences meaningfully:

1. They arrived late for the party.
2. She confessed.

Answer:

1. They arrived late for the party because of traffic.
2. She confessed that she had been stealing money.

Question 6.
Make four words (minimum 3 letters) using the letters in the following word:
‘astonishing’
Answer:
i. ant, ash, has, hat, not, oat, sat, sin, sit, son, tan, tin, ton, shot, hint, hats, thin, toss, tins, saint, satin

Question 7.
Write five words related to the following word.
‘nature’
Answer:

1. environment
2. river
3. mountain
4. desert
5. tree

Question 8.
Complete the word chain of Verbs. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word.
travel, _____, _____, _____, _____
Answer:
travel, like, entertain, nourish, hurry

Question 9.
Make sentences using the following word as a verb and as a noun:
‘plan’
Answer:
Anamika wanted to plan a picnic with her friends. (Verb)
Mihir had a plan in mind for his upcoming project. (Noun)

Question 10.
Rearrange the following words in the increasing order of their size (number of letters in the word):
monkey, cat, elephant, rhinoceros, lion, squirrel
Answer:
cat, lion, monkey, elephant, squirrel, rhinoceros

II. Do as Directed:

Question 1.
Identify whether the underlined part in the following sentences is a Phrase or a Clause:

i. The birds started chirping at the break of dawn.
Answer:
break of dawn – Phrase

ii. Karthik boarded the bus on time.
Answer:
on time – Phrase

iii. Lekha did not want to leave the amusement park.
Answer:
Lekha did not want to leave – Clause

iv. Anurima arrived at the party wearing a sari made of silk.
Answer:
made of silk – Phrase

Question 2.
Add a suffix to make new words of the given words:

1. debate
2. calm

Answer:

1. debatable
2. calmness

Question 3.
Pick out the Modal Auxiliary from the following sentences.

1. I can go to the doctor in the evening.
2. Shaina may drop by tomorrow.

Answer:

1. can – Modal Auxiliary
2. may – Modal Auxiliary

Question 4.
Choose the correct option to transform the given sentence into Reported Speech:
“Why are you so late, Karan?” said the teacher.
i. The teacher asked Karan why he was so late.
ii. The teacher is asking Karan why he is so late.
Answer:
i. The teacher asked Karan why he was so late.

Question 5.
Choose the correct alternative to transform it into an Exclamatory sentence:
Sana was looking gorgeous in that dress.
i. How gorgeous was Sana looking in that dress!
ii. How was Sana looking gorgeous in that dress!
Answer:
i. How gorgeous was Sana looking in that dress!

Question 6.
Join the following sentences by using a co-ordinator.
i. Varan wanted to start his own business. He had no money.
ii. Anjali was a good badminton player. She h#d won many competitions.
Answer:
i. Varun wanted to start his own business but he had no money.
ii. Anjali was a good badminton player and she had won many competitions.

Question 7.
Using the following pairs of Homophones,
make sentences of your own to show the difference in their meaning.
i. meat – meet
ii. fined – find
Answer:
i.
a. Pratik was very fond of eating meat.
b. Manan and Aditya decided to meet at the cafe.

ii. a. Diwa was fined ₹ 500 for breaking the traffic rule.
b. Yash wanted to find a quiet place where he could sit and read a book.

Question 8.
Break the following words into syllables and state the number of syllables in each word.

1. manager
2. simple
3. tough
4. gulp

Answer:

1. ma-na-ger – Three Syllables
2. sim-ple – Two Syllables
3. tough – One Syllable
4. gulp – One Syllable

Question 9.
Complete the crossword based on the following clues.

1. a period of ten years
2. a device used to click pictures
3. to cause someone to feel ashamed
4. a series of pages on which information about the days, weeks and months of a particular year
5. a country that has Washington D.C as its capital
6. the sport or activity of moving through water by moving one’s arms and legs

Answer:

1. decade
2. camera
3. embarrass
4. calendar
5. America
6. swimming

Question 10.
Turn the following sentences into Polite Requests.

1. Bring me a glass of water.
2. I want to borrow your car for a couple of days.
3. You should talk softly.
4. You will have to come and help me tomorrow.

Answer:

1. Could you please bring me a glass of water?
2. Would it be okay if I borrow your car for a couple of days?
3. Do you mind talking softly?
4. Would you be willing to come and help me tomorrow?

Language Study II

I. Do as Directed:

Question 1.
Rewrite the following words in Comparative and Superlative degrees.

i. great
ii. good
iii. wealthy
iv. costly
Answer:
i. Comparative – greater
Superlative – greatest
ii. Comparative – better
Superlative – best
iii. Comparative – wealthier
Superlative – wealthiest
iv. Comparative – costlier
Superlative – costliest

Question 2.
Divide the following words based on the letters.
manage, surprise, land, quarrel, moment, joyful, star, splendid, magical, abundant
Answer:

1. Four letter words – land, star
2. Six letter words – manage, moment, joyful
3. Seven letter words – quarrel, magical
4. ‘Eight letter words – surprise, splendid, abundant

Question 3.
Identify whether the following sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex.

1. If you had not disturbed me, I would have completed my work by now.
2. Kajal was late to school and she knew she would be punished.
3. Vicky was selected to become the class monitor.

Answer:

1. Complex sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Simple sentence

Question 4.
Arrange the words in alphabetical order.

1. popular, courageous, attractive, faithful
2. review, restrain, reverse, receive

Answer:

1. attractive, courageous, faithful, popular
2. receive, restrain, reverse, review

Question 5.
Pick out the verb form and identify the Tense and Aspect in the following sentences.
i. Suraj had been standing in the line for over an hour.
ii. Alisha is heading the debate team.
Answer:
i. Verb Form – had been
Tense – Past
Aspect – Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

ii. Verb Form – is heading
Tense – Present
Aspect – Progressive

Question 6.
Make four words (minimum 3 letters) using the letters in the following word:
‘assignment’
Answer:
age, eat, gem, man, net, sea, tag, tie, games, sings, image, mines, signs

Question 7.
Rearrange the following words in the increasing order of their size (number of letters in the word):
consumer, sale, market, discount, purchase, manufacturer
Answer:
sale, market, consumer, discount, purchase, manufacturer

Question 8.
Write four compound words ending with the following word.
mail
Answer:
blackmail, voicemail, chain mail, airmail

Question 9.
Complete the word chain of Adjectives. Add four words, each beginning with the last letter of the previous word.
lovely, ____, ____, ____, ____,
Answer:
lovely, youthful, laughable, energetic, creative

Question 10.
Make sentences using the following word as a verb and as a noun:
tour
Answer:
Vedant wanted to tour the world with his friends. (Verb)
Palak planned a Europe tour for her parents on their anniversary. (Noun)

II. Do as Directed:

Question 1.
Join the following sentences by using a subordinator.

1. Kashish went to the park. She saw a cute dog there.
2. Hari was going to the airport. He had a plane to catch.

Answer:

1. Kashish went to the park where she saw a cute dog.
2. Hari was going to the airport as he had a plane to catch.

Question 2.
Add a prefix to make new word of the given word and use the root word in a sentence of your own:
agree
Answer:
disagree
Janvi couldn’t get Mohit to agree to go to the theatre with her.

Question 3.
Write the noun form of the following words.

1. animate
2. sincere
3. challenging
4. humble

Answer:

1. animation
2. sincerity
3. challenge
4. humility

Question 4.
Prepare an Acrostic for your favourite subject.
Answer:
E – Engaging
N – Nice
G – Guiding
L – Lovable
I – Inspiring
S – Simple
H – Humorous

Question 5.
Using the following pairs of Homophones, make sentences of your own to show the difference in their meaning.
i. sale – sail
ii. led – lead
Answer:
i. a. Prashant earned a commission on the sale of each computer.
b. The Titanic was set to sail across the Atlantic Ocean.

ii. a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi.
b. Lead is a dense and soft metal that has a low melting point.

Question 6.
Punctuate the following sentence.
gautam asked where is the eiffel tower located
Answer:
Gautam asked, “Where is the Eiffel Tower located?”

Question 7.
Break the following words into syllables and state the number of syllables in each word.

1. call
2. master
3. limited
4. chronological

Answer:

1. call – One Syllable
2. mas-ter – Two Syllables
3. li-mi-ted – Three Syllables
4. chro-no-lo-gi-cal – Five Syllables

Question 8.
Turn the following sentences .into Polite Requests.

1. Hold this file for me.
2. Keep the jar back on the shelf.
3. I want to know the time.
4. Call Simi and ask her to come over.

Answer:

1. Would you please hold this file for me?
2. Could you please keep the jar back on the shelf?
3. May I know the time?
4. Do you mind calling Simi and asking her to come over?

Question 9.
Complete the crossword based on the following clues.’

1. the elected head of a country
2. a colourless, tasteless liquid that is source of life on Earth
3. a person who is qualified to treat ill people
4. a building or a place where people go to worship god
5. the quality of being loyal
6. to shout loudly

Answer:

1. President
2. Water
3. Doctor
4. Temple
5. Loyalty
6. Yell

Question 10.
Pick out the Modal Auxiliary from the following sentence.
Megha may participate in the dance competition.
Answer:
may – Modal Auxiliary